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By Dr. Varma Chaitanya P V , Dr. Hebbar Shrikiran , Dr. M Suneel , Dr. A Karthick
Corresponding Author Dr. Varma Chaitanya P V
Department of Pediatrics, KMC, Manipal, - India
Submitting Author Dr. Varma Chaitanya P V
Other Authors Dr. Hebbar Shrikiran
Pediatrics, KMC, Manipal, - India

Dr. M Suneel
Pediatrics, KMC, Manipal, - India

Dr. A Karthick
Pediatrics, KMC, Manipal, - India

PAEDIATRICS

Skin Branding, Burns, Superstition, Sepsis, Human Rights, Child Abuse

P V V, Shrikiran H, Suneel M, Karthick A. Skin Branding in Indian Children: A Still Prevaling Superstition in the Modern Era. WebmedCentral PAEDIATRICS 2011;2(12):WMC002815
doi: 10.9754/journal.wmc.2011.002815

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License(CC-BY), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
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Submitted on: 29 Dec 2011 04:09:08 PM GMT
Published on: 30 Dec 2011 04:26:52 PM GMT

Abstract


Human skin branding, a medieval and cruel superstition is still rampant in many parts of rural India. Steps must be taken to ensure the eradication of this practice.

Introduction


Human branding is the process in which a mark is burned into the skin of a living person, resulting in permanent scarification. This is done either with consent as a form of body modification; or under coercion, as a punishment. It may also be practiced as a "rite of passage" such as within a tribe, or to signify membership in an organisation. The most commonly seen brand marks in a pediatric practice is because the family members believe that it helps in evading or treating the offending agent.

Discussion


Branding as a prevention or treatment for many diseases is a still prevalent superstitious practice in many rural areas of India. The family members usually believe that the offending agent comes out of the brand site ridding the body of the disease [3]. The practice starts when the child is still in the neonatal period to treat physiological jaundice [4, 5]. It continues well into late adolescence and sometimes even into adulthood. The child is taken to a local traditional healer who administers the brand mark on different parts of the body based on where he thinks is the place where the disease lurks. The most commonly used instrument is the tip of a hot metal rod. Other objects like heated nails, wires, incense sticks and hot bangles can also be used to brand the child. The forehead, face, chest wall and abdomen are the usual sites of branding. The children usually belong to a poor illiterate rural family where branding is a continuing tradition prevalent through many generations [6].
Branding is similar to a 2nd degree burn. It goes through all the stages of healing leading to a keloid formation. The nerve endings might be exposed leading to loss of pain receptors. Different materials like honey, dung or even ash is applied to the burnt area which might lead to infections and fatal sepsis in younger children. Some children who have a genetic tendency for scarification present with extremely large and cosmetically ugly looking keloids. There is a small but significant chance of the child getting infected by hepatitis B or HIV if the instruments are not sterilised properly. It is not uncommon to find many children with brand marks on different parts of the body in the usual pediatric outpatient clinic.
Branding is a type of child abuse and should be condemned by the society. Every measure should be taken to educate the rural families against this inhumane, medieval custom. Recently the National Human Rights Commission (NHRC) took a suo motu cognisance of a media report alleging that children in Vagad region of Kutch district and some remote parts of Rajkot district in Gujarat were branded with iron rods and observed that it raised a serious issue of violation of human rights of children [7].

References


1. Steven Kroeter .Untitled by Anonymous: An Ode to Branding.2009.
2. The middle ages website: Branding and Burning tortures.
3. Taneja DK, Singhal PK, Dharana S. Superstitions in pediatric illness among rural mothers. Ind Pediatr 1988;25: 447-52.
4. Mohapatra SS. Branding—a prevalent harmful practice in neonatal care. Ind Pediatr 1991;28: 6834.
5. Mehta MH, Anand JS, Mehta L, Modha HS, Patel RV. Neonatal branding—towards branding eradication. Ind Pediatr 1991;29: 788-9.
6. Adhivasam B, Gowtham R. Branding treatment of children in rural India should be banned. BMJ.2005 Feb 26; 330:481.
7. The Hindu. NHRC notice to Gujurat on branding of children. December 24, 2011.

Source(s) of Funding


None

Competing Interests


None

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