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By Dr. Constantino Ledesma-Montes , Dr. Paulo C Ramos-nunez , Dr. Maricela Garces-ortiz , Dr. Arturo Mejia-gutierrez , Dr. Alberto Ballinas-solis
Corresponding Author Dr. Constantino Ledesma-Montes
Faculty of Dentistry, - Mexico 29000.
Submitting Author Dr. Constantino Ledesma-Montes
Other Authors Dr. Paulo C Ramos-nunez
Miembro del Cuerpo Academico, Universidad de Ciencias y Artes de Chiapas. Tuxtla Gutiérrez, Chis, - Mexico

Dr. Maricela Garces-ortiz
Laboratorio de Patologia Clinica. Division de Estudios de Posgrado e Investigacion, - Mexico

Dr. Arturo Mejia-gutierrez
Miembro del Cuerpo Academico. Universidad de Ciencias y Artes de Chiapas. Tuxtla Gutierrez, Chis, - Mexico

Dr. Alberto Ballinas-solis
Miembro del Cuerpo Academico, Universidad de Ciencias y Artes de Chiapas. Tuxtla Gutierrez, Chis, - Mexico

DENTISTRY

Endodontics, Sealers, Calcium, pH, Root canal.

Ledesma-Montes C, Ramos-nunez PC, Garces-ortiz M, Mejia-gutierrez A, Ballinas-solis A. Calcium Release and pH of Three Endodontic Root Canal Sealers.. WebmedCentral DENTISTRY 2012;3(2):WMC003017
doi: 10.9754/journal.wmc.2012.003017

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License(CC-BY), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
No
Submitted on: 15 Feb 2012 04:24:10 AM GMT
Published on: 15 Feb 2012 10:13:09 AM GMT

Abstract


The aim of this study was to asses the calcium release and pH of three root canal sealers. pH and calcium release of three root canal sealers Apexit, Sealapex and Vitapex, were assessed at 30 and 60 min, and 7 days after spatulation. After manipulation, the sealers were placed in tubes and immersed in sealed glass flasks containing 10ml of deionized water and stored at 37°C. Tubes were removed at the scheduled times and the water was tested for pH with a potentiometer and for released calcium atomic absorption spectrophotometry was used. Vitapex produced an alkaline pH and released significantly higher calcium amounts more pronounced results at 7 days compared with the other sealers. Sealapex presented the highest calcium ion release, especially after the longest interval. High calcium release and pH are valuable features for a root canal sealer under clinical conditions.
Key words: Endodontics, sealers, calcium, pH, root canal.

Introduction


Since many years ago, microorganisms have been implicated in the genesis of the pulpal and periapical diseases (1). As it is well known, Pulpal disease is treated with cleaning, conformation and obturation of the radicular channel system with a careful sealing at coronal and apical levels (2).
Obturation of the root canal system may be temporal with the use of intra-canal pastes or definitive using gutapercha points and adding root canal sealers. In this moment, materials with chemical composition based on high content of calcium hydroxide are highly recommended.
Calcium hydroxide has good biological activities as antibacterial and mineralization induction (3). In addition, calcium hydroxide exerts its antibacterial properties destroying the microbial cellular membrane (protein denaturalization) and inhibition of some metabolic bacterial processes (4). pH is important on the delicate microbial metabolism; any alteration on it will produce serious inhibition of the main metabolic processes resulting in microbial death (3). Bacterial surveillance, growth and behavior depend on adequate environmental conditions associated to physical-chemical factors as: pH, temperature, osmotic pressure, oxygen and nitrogen concentrations and available substrata (5).
It is important to note that response of the periapical tissues to endotoxins produced by Gram-negative bacteria from the infected root canal system or within the periapical tissues is by means of an inflammatory response including a reparative response from the periodontal ligament and the surrounding bone. These processes should be supported by a careful preparation, cleaning, disinfection and obturation of the root canals as well as an adequate sealing of the canal walls (6).
The success of the calcium hydroxide as an intracranal cleanser is related to its dissociation to calcium and hydroxyl ions. Also, its stimulatory capacity to the tisular reparation is inducing tisular mineralization (7,8). Estrela et al (3) demonstrated that calcium hydroxide inhibits the enzymatic metabolism because the hydroxyl ions act on the bacterial plasmatic membrane and ctivating tisular enzymes as alkaline phosphatase which activates bone mineralization and repair.
The aim of this study was to evaluate the pH and calcium release of three root canal sealers Apexit, Sealapex and Vitapex at 30 and 60 min, and 7 days after spatulation.

Materials and methods


We tested three root canal sealers Apexit (Ivoclar/Vivadent), Sealapex (Kerr) and Vitapex (Neo Dental Chemical Products, Japan).
Root canal sealers were mixed according manufactures instructions. Then, five samples of 0.5 mg each product were immersed during 30 min, one hour and seven days in glass flasks containing 10 mL distilled water. Positive controls were 0.1 to 0.5 mg pure calcium hydroxide in 10 ml distilled water. Values higher to 0.5 mg/10 mL were tested with appropriate dilutions and converted to mg/10 mL. Negative control was distilled water.
Calcium release was determined by the da Silva et al method (9) using an atomic absorption spectrophotometer. pH release was made with a potentiometer Orion, model 290A (Orion Research. Cambridge, Mass. USA) and a Orion 9720BNWP Calcium Ion Selective Electrode (Orion Research. Cambridge, Mass. USA). Five determinations each sample were made and mean was considered correct. Student’s T test was applied and p < 0.05 was considered statistically significant.

Results


At all experimental times, all materials showed an alkaline pH (Table 1). Apexit pH slightly varied with the time, but this variation was not statistically significant (p>0.05). Sealapex showed irregular pH variation but changes were not statistically significant (p > 0.05). Vitapex showed the greatest pH variations but also, they were not statistically significant (p > 0.05). Mean pH for the tested materials were: Apexit= 10.79; Sealapex= 11.5 and the most alkaline material was for Vitapex (11.5).  
Calcium release values for all three tested materials are shown in table 2. As can be seen in table 2, the more soluble material was Sealapex, followed by Vitapex and the less soluble endodontic material tested was Apexit.

Discussions and Conclusion


Physical properties of the endodontic materials used in the clinical practice have been extensively studied during the last 30 years, research on setting time, tissue toxicity, interaction with other materials, cell culture, fracture resistance, antibacterial activity, bond strength, viscosity, dissolving properties, degree of conversion, sealing ability, microleakage and so on.
It is well documented that different root canal sealers contain different substances it is also clear that experimental behavior of different materials varied widely and that experimental protocols are not standardized.
The importance of the experimental work on the physical properties of the endodontic materials available in the market is to inform to Specialists and DDS on the features determined during our experimental procedures. This reaches higher importance when these results are included in the class room discussions of the Endodontics courses at DDS and Specialty levels.
Hardening time can explain the different rates of calcium release demonstrated in this study. Fidel et al (10) reported that Sealapex setting time is almost 30 times longer compared with that of Apexit. These data will explain why ion release is greater in Apexit. Also, Sealapex consistency is softer than that of Apexit. Results from Fidel et al (11) demonstrated that Sealapex preented high solubility and disintegration and Tronstad (12) reported that Apexit was one of the less soluble sealers.
Our results on pH agree with those from Fidel et al (13) we obtained high alkaline values for all the tested endodontic sealers. As did da Silva y col reported (9), we found that Sealapex had the highest pH values compared with those from Apexit and Vitapex.
It is important to point out that the advantage of an alkaline pH is that these materials have a potent antimicrobial activity (14) and seems that Sealapex despite its high pH has better effect on periapical repair in chronic apical periodontitis (15).
Our results and those from other studies (12,14-19) strongly suggest that sealers with high calcium release and high pH values have excellent biological properties and that antimicrobial properties of these endodontic materials make them as the favorite sealers for clinical work.

References


1. Kakehashi S, Stanley HR, Fitzgerald RJ. The effects of surgical exposures of dental pulps in germ-free and conventional laboratory rats. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol 1965; 20: 340-9.
2. Ingle JI,  Bakland LK, Baumgartner JC. Ingle’s Endodontics. Chapter 4. 5th ed. Ontario: BC Dekker; 2008.
3. Estrela C, Holland R. Calcium hydroxide: study based on scientific evidences. J Appl Oral Sci 2003;  11: 269-82.
4. Hargreaves KH, Goodis HE. Seltzer and Bender's Dental Pulp. 2nd ed. Quintessence:  Chicago; 2010.
5. Fouad AF. Endodontic Microbiology. Ames: Wiley-Blackwell; 2009.
6. Soares JA, Nunes E, Silveira FF, Santos SM, Oliveira MT. Endodontic re-treatment associated with the elimination of amalgam root-end filling through sinus tracts: a report of two cases. Aust Endod J 2009; 35: 59-64.
7. Holland R, de Souza V, Tagliavini RL, Milanezi LA. Healing process of teeth with open apices: histological study. Bull Tokyo Dent Coll 1971; 12: 333-8.
8. Binnie WH, Mitchel DF. Induced calcification in the subdermal tissues of the rat. J Dent Res 1973; 52: 1087-91.
9. da Silva LA, Leonardo MR, da Silva RS, Assed S, Guimarães LF. Calcium hydroxide root canal sealers: evaluation of pH, calcium ion concentration and conductivity. Int Endod J 1997; 30: 205-9.
10. Fidel RAS, Fidel S, Spanó JCE, Barbin EL, Pécora JD. Tempo de endurecimento de algunos cimentos endodónticos que contem hidróxido de cálcio. Rev Odontol Brasil Central 1995; 5: 15-7.
11. Fidel RAS, Silva RG,  Spanó JCE, Barbin EL, Pécora JD. Estudo in vitro sobre la solubilidade e desintegracao de algunos cimentos endodónticos que contem hidroxido de cálcio. Rev Odontol Univ Sao Paulo 1994; 8; 217-20.
12. Tronstad L, Barnett F, Flax M. Solubility and biocompatibility of calcium hydroxide-containing root canal sealers. Endod Dent Traumatol 1998; 4: 152-9.
13. Fidel RAS, Silva RG, Spanó JCE, Barbin EL, Pécora JD. Evaluación in vitro del pH de algunos cementos endodónticos que contienen hidróxido de calcio. Rev Fola 1995; 1: 65-7.
14. Fuss Z, Weiss EI, Shalhav M. Antibacterial activity of calcium hydroxide- containing sealers on Enterococcus faecalis in vitro. Int Endod J 1997; 30: 397-402.
15. Filho MT, Leonardo MR, Silva LA, Utrilla LS. Effect of different root canal sealers on periapical repair of teeth with chronic periradicular periodontitis. Int Endod J 1998; 31: 85-9.
16. Holland R, Souza V, Melo W. The effect of the filling material in the tissue reactions following apical plugging of root canals whit dentin chips. A histologic study in monkey teeth. Oral Surgery 1983; 55: 389-401.
17. Leal JM, Holland R, Esberard RM. Sealapex, C.R.C.S., Fill Canal and N-Rickert, study of biocompatibility in subcutaneous connective tissue of rats. Odontol Clin 1988; 2: 7-14.
18. Sonat B, Dalat D, Gunhan O. Periapical tissue reaction to root fillings with Sealapex. Int Endod J 1990; 23: 46-52.
19. Yesilsoy C, Koren LZ, Morse DR, Kobayashi C. A comparative tissue toxicity evaluation of established and newer root canal sealers. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol 1988; 65: 459-67.

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