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Pregnancies achieved in one clinic by in vitro fertilization (IVF) and intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) and resulting in boys between 2000 and 2009 were reviewed. There were significant differences between the IVF and ICSI pregnancies, with the mothers of the ICSI boys being significantly younger at the time of embryo transfer (p
Pregnancies achieved by in vitro fertilization (IVF) and allied techniques are often associated with increased preterm delivery, low birth weight and perinatal mortality when compared with naturally conceived pregnancies even when removing multiplicity as a confounding factor [11, 13]. Whilst the children often have an increased incidence of ill health [15] and are hospitalised more in early life [10], they appear to have normal cognitive [7] and psychomotor [15] development. However, a possible increased incidence of congenital abnormalities in children conceived following in vitro fertilisation (IVF) was first suggested back in 1987 during a review of the pregnancy outcomes reported voluntarily to the Fertility Society of Australia [17], and subsequent systematic reviews of the literature generally confirm this [9, 18, 21]. Unfortunately, there is still debate on the effect of the IVF technique in causing an increased incidence of birth defects despite a plethora of published data: some studies still show no increase at all [23], others find an increased incidence when re-analysing previously published data [16], and there is a possible confounding association with the presence of infertility per se [6, 19]. In addition, the widespread use of intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) in IVF laboratories has also enabled children to be fathered by men with poor semen parameters that would be unsuitable to achieve fertilization in vivo or with conventional IVF [8], and there appears to be strong evidence for the inheritance of male fertility disorders linked to the deletions on the Y-chromosome [14] or of undefined genetic cause [4, 19]. The aims and objectives of the present study were to (a) review all boys born during 2000-2009 following IVF or ICSI at the Hollywood Fertility Centre, (b) examine any differences between the IVF and ICSI births, (c) identify any particular pattern in abnormalities, and (d) determine the clinical relevance of the findings.
Treatment by IVF and ICSI was provided using standard protocols described previously [20]. All cycles in which fresh or frozen embryos were transferred were included. All patient demographic data and treatment details were stored on a relational database developed in-house using Filemaker Pro (Filemaker Inc., Santa Clara, USA), and the data were entered by laboratory and nursing staff. All outcomes were identified at specific clinical milestones relative to Day 1 of the treatment cycle for (i) all cycles having an embryo transfer [4 weeks at the time of the pregnancy test], and (ii) cycles with a positive pregnancy test [ultrasound scan at 7 weeks, and 10 month follow up for birth details]. Data was exported to an Excel spreadsheet for analysis and mandatory reporting according to state [1] and federal [2] legislation. Group statistics were expressed as the mean and standard deviation, and comparisons made using the Studentâs t-test. Differences were considered significant if p
There were differences in the characteristics of the pregnancies achieved by IVF or ICSI as shown in Table 1. The mothers of the ICSI boys were significantly younger at the time of transfer (p
The current study has identified some significant differences between the IVF and ICSI pregnancies from which boys were born, ie motherâs age at transfer and the boysâ birth weight. This illustrates the problem of obtaining data in which all the confounding variables are controlled for, and differences in maternal characteristics have previously been noted to be important in influencing the rate of congenital malformations observed in IVF children [3]. The low numbers of affected children observed in the present study also shows how difficult it is to make conclusions based on one clinicâs data. Others have used the pooling of data from several units to form a multi-centre study, and were able to show an increase in the incidence of major congenital abnormalities in ICSI children [5]. The collection and reporting of data on congenital abnormalities, or simply defects noted at birth, in countries where data collection is mandatory would seem an ideal opportunity to monitor the children born following assisted reproduction. Currently in Australia, the National Perinatal Statistics Unit (NPSU) collects the information but does not include the findings in their annual report [22]. It is understood that a comparison with naturally conceived children would not be possible in such an audit but certainly a comparison between IVF and ICSI children could be made. The follow up of children delivered by obstetricians outside of the IVF clinic and even overseas can be challenging, and so the gathering of the data by the IVF clinics would need to be done methodically and accurately to prevent the generation of misinformation. Â The difficulties of collecting information on births has already been noted elsewhere [12, 24]. One important point alluded to in the present study is the potential difference in the rate and nature of abnormalities in boys and girls. A common feature of many published studies is the comparison of children conceived in different ways, without consideration of the sex of the child. The reporting of any data on births following assisted reproduction should differentiate between boys and girls. In conclusion, the current study has shown a trend towards an increase in the rate and range of birth defects in boys conceived by ICSI compared with IVF, although this did not achieve statistical significance. This illustrates the difficulty of using data from a single clinic where the numbers were low and there were confounding variables. Nevertheless, the evidence supports the need for further follow up studies and continued vigilance, with regulatory authorities needing to differentiate between sex when reporting on pregnancy outcomes following assisted reproduction.
The contribution of all the clinicians, nurses and scientists at the Hollywood Fertility Centre in providing the clinical service over the years is greatly appreciated.
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