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http://www.webmedcentral.com/images/Header_Logo.giftext/html2010-09-12T19:17:34+01:00http://www.webmedcentral.com/Dr. P RanjanAn Approach to the Detection of Mycobacteria in Clinically Suspected Cases of Urinary Tract Infection in Immunocompromised Patients
http://www.webmedcentral.com/article_view/616
Urinary tract infections (UTIs) are one of the most common infections in human beings. Most of these infections are caused by bacterial agents. Mycobacterial agents causing UTIs are less frequent in immunocompetent individuals; they are more common and severe in immunocompromised individuals.The incidence of tuberculosis is rising, particularly due to Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) infection. The HIV sero-prevalence among tuberculosis (TB) patients in India ranges from around 2 to 20%, with an estimated 60% of HIV infected persons breaking down with active TB disease in their lifetime.The diagnosis of TB with HIV positive is more difficult than in those without HIV infection.Extra pulmonary tuberculosis (EPTB) represents a progressively greater proportion of new cases and the genitourinary tract (GUT) is the most common site of EPTB.The most common causative organism of kidney and urinary tract tuberculosis is the Mycobacterium tuberculosis & occasionally Mycobacterium bovis can also be responsible. Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) has an important impact on kidney transplant recipients, particularly during the first year after surgery.The sure criterion for definite diagnosis of TB is the demonstration of the presence of tubercle bacillus in clinical specimens. This is based on traditional and conventional methods Ziehl Neelsen (ZN) acid fast stain and laboratory culture of M. tuberculosis on Lowenstein Jensen (LJ) medium.However, ZN staining lacks specificity and sensitivity, while confirmation by culture requires several weeks. Rapid diagnostic methods have been developed that are based either on liquid culture techniques, such as BACTEC or molecular techniques but they are expensive, requires specialist personnel and equipment hence limited their use especially in developing countries. Apart from this, FASTPlaque TB is a phage based test, which uses the mycobacteriophage to detect the presence of M. tuberculosis directly from the specimens. It is a rapid, manual test, easy to perform and has an overall higher sensitivity when compared with sputum smear microscopy, in newly diagnosed smear positive TB patients.text/html2010-09-19T15:47:04+01:00http://www.webmedcentral.com/Dr. Salvatore PignanelliIn vitro antimicrobial susceptibility against human and animal strains of the Chlamydia genus
http://www.webmedcentral.com/article_view/678
The in vitro activity of doxycycline, levofloxacin, moxifloxacin, azithromycin, clarithromycin, erythromycin, cotrimoxazole and rifaximin was tested against 81 strains of Chlamydia trachomatis, 12 strains of Chlamydia suis and 1 strain of Chlamydia muridarum. The ranges of MIC and MBC for C. trachomatis, C. suis e C. muridarum is described below. MIC of doxycycline ranged from 0.03 to 32 μg/ml and MBC between 0.06 and 64 μg/ml. Both the MIC and the MBC of levofloxacin ranged from 0.25 to 2 μg/ml. Both the MIC and the MBC of moxifloxacin ranged from 0.125 to 0.5 μg/ml. MIC of azithromycin ranged from 0.015 to 0.125 μg/ml and the MBC between 0.03 and 0.125 μg/ml. MIC of clarithromycin ranged from 0.015 to 0.125 μg/ml and the MBC between 0.03 and 0.25 μg/ml. MIC of erythromycin ranged from 0.25 to 1 μg/ml and the MBC between 0.5 and 2 μg/ml. MIC of cotrimoxazole ranged from 1 to 8 μg/ml and the MBC between 2 and 16 μg/ml. Both the MIC and the MBC of rifaximin ranged from 0.25 to 2 μg/ml. In contrast to strains of Chlamydia trachomatis and Chlamydia muridarum, significant resistences to doxycycline were present in all strains of Chlamydia suis.text/html2011-12-19T15:46:04+01:00http://www.webmedcentral.com/Mr. Darwis A EzaniSalmonellosis: The Diseases, Treatment, Prevention and Drug Resistance
http://www.webmedcentral.com/article_view/2687
The global impact of Salmonellosis is still very significant amidst the positive developments in the medical field. This review article focuses on the various manifestations or diseases in human beings due to Salmonellosis and the drugs which aid in prophylaxis and treatment of the various diseases brought about by the bacterium. The article will also touch on drug resistance issues with respect to Salmonellosis which is becoming a major global health concern.text/html2012-04-03T17:47:45+01:00http://www.webmedcentral.com/Dr. Inessa Z MonastyrskajaOn Possible Primary Biological Function of Cholera Toxin: Interaction with Vibrio Cholerae Biofilms in the Human Intestine during Infection
http://www.webmedcentral.com/article_view/3169
A hypothesis is presented that cholera toxin (CT) secreted by toxigenic Vibrio cholerae O1 El Tor binds V. cholerae cells within biofilms formed in the human intestine during infection and interacts with these cells. Interaction of CT with the cells within a biofilm leads to up-regulation of cellular processes and enhances cell growth rate. Positive interbacterial cell regulation is proposed to be the primary biological function of CT. In support of the idea that CT after secretion may interact with V. cholerae cells and enhance their capacity to multiply literary data are presented showing that V. cholerae ctxAB mutants colonize rabbit intestinal mucosa at the level of the toxigenic parent strain when they are co-administrated with CT. The hypothesis about CT interaction with V. cholerae cells in the biofilm formed during cell multiplication in the intestine is supported by the literary data demonstrating that the shared quorum-sensing master regulator in the cell growth state, AphA, turns on simultaneously CT production and biofilm formation. CT as a regulatory enzyme ADP-ribosyltransferase may up-regulate V. cholerae cells and enhance their growth rate.text/html2015-05-25T09:23:26+01:00http://www.webmedcentral.com/Dr. Edson J FragiorgeEvaluation antibacterial activity in vitro of the ethanol extract from the peel fruit of Syzygium cumini (L.) - Skeels
http://www.webmedcentral.com/article_view/4900
Antimicrobial activity of medicinal plants has been searched in several species worldwide. The aim of this study was to evaluate antibacterial activity in vitro of the ethanol extract from the peel fruit of Syzygium cumini (L.) - Skeels. To this end, were used four bacterial strains standard American Type Culture Collection (ATCC), three Gram-negative bacteria: Salmonella enteritidis (ATCC 13076), Escherichia coli (ATCC 25922) and Enterobacter aerogenes (ATCC 13048) and a Gram-positive Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC 25923). The antibacterial action was evaluated through the inoculation of Mueller Hinton agar plates. Cultures were suspended in sterile saline 0.85% (w/v) read in spectrophotometer at 600.0 nm, by adjusting of 0.5 McFarland standard turbidity standard equivalents (1.5 x 108 CFU mL-1 - colony-forming units per milliliter). The antimicrobial susceptibility testing (Antibiogram) was performed according to the method of diffusion disk or Kirby-Bauer. Under sterile conditions, were used 8 paper disks, being a disk with sterile water, 4 commercial antibacterial disks and 3 disks embedded with 50.0 µL of the jambolan ethanol extracts in concentrations 350.0 mg mL-1; 750.0 mg mL-1 and 1000.0 mg mL-1. The plates were inverted and incubated at 35.0 ºC for 24 hours, and their reading of inhibition hales diameter was done. The concentration of extract used corresponded to the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of this extract, previously determined in another experiment. The experiment was conducted with 3 replicates per treatment and each treatment consisted of a series in triplicate (3 plates). Statistical analysis was performed using one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and the means were compared by Tukey test at 5% significance level. As verified, the ethanol extracts tested showed no antibacterial activity against ATCCs used in this study, only Staphylococcus aureus showed inhibition, but when compared to other antibiotics, was difference by Tukey test with significance level of 5%. text/html2019-06-27T13:08:03+01:00http://www.webmedcentral.com/Mr. Yadesh PrashadA Critical Review of the Bacteria Serratia marcescens and its Impact on Human Health
http://www.webmedcentral.com/article_view/5573
Serratia marcescens is a gram negative bacterium of the family Enterobacteriaceae. Serratia marcescens is a motile opportunistic pathogen that produces the signature red pigment product prodigiosin. It possesses a thin cell membrane and thin peptidoglycan layer surrounded by an outer lipopolysaccharide (LPS) filled membrane. This saprophytic bacteria is able to withstand several different environmental conditions as it is a facultative anaerobe that can grow at temperatures ranging from 10ºC to 40ºC and at pH's ranging from 5 to 9 (Hejazi and Falkiner, 1997).