Research articles
 

By Dr. Digvijay Singh , Dr. Satish K Bansal
Corresponding Author Dr. Digvijay Singh
Dept of Veterinary Physiology and Biochemistry, C.O.V.S., GADVASU - India 141004
Submitting Author Dr. Digvijay Singh
Other Authors Dr. Satish K Bansal
Department of Veterinary Physiology and Biochemistry, NESTLE India Ltd. - India

MEDICINE

Buffalo calves, Flunixin meglumine, Ketonov, Haemodynamics, Endotoxic shock, NSAIDs.

Singh D, Bansal SK. Haemodynamics During Endotoxic Shock and after I/V Infusion of a Combination of NSAIDs in Buffalo Calves. WebmedCentral MEDICINE 2011;2(11):WMC001944
doi: 10.9754/journal.wmc.2011.001944
No
Submitted on: 30 Nov 2011 06:26:45 AM GMT
Published on: 30 Nov 2011 09:39:51 AM GMT

Abstract


Endotoxemia is potentially damaging complication of several diseases of cattle and buffaloes like following urinary tract infections (UTI), intesusception, peritonitis, septicemia, caeserian section, metritis, mastitis and dystocia due to maceration. To investigate the effect of Flunixin meglumine and Ketorolac tromethamine (Ketanov) a combination of NSAIDs; on endotoxemic buffalo calves, five apparently healthy male buffalo calves aged between 6-8 month were subjected to i.v. infusion of E. coli endotoxin @ 5µg/Kg/ BW/hour for 3 hours. The endotoxin infusion lead to the development of clinical symptoms of restlessness, respiratory distress characterized by labored and abdominal respiration, diarrhea and profuse salivation. The animals closed their eyes and struggled intermittently with the progression of the endotoxin infusion. A highly significant (P < 0.01) fall in mean systolic, diastolic, pulse, mean arterial pressure (MAP.) ,Central Venous pressure (C.V.P.) and hemoglobin was observed till the end of endotoxin infusion while respiratory rate was significantly elevated along with a non-significant alteration in rectal temperature and hematocrit during the infusion of endotoxin. Immediately at the end of endotoxin infusion, Flunixin meglumine was injected through the jugular vein @ 1 .1 mg/KgBW followed by Ketorolac tromethamine @ 1.1 mg/kgBW. The infusion of both these NSAIDs resulted in increase in systolic, diastolic, pulse, central venous pressure close to pre-infusion normal level while mean arterial pressure (MAP) was higher than normal pre-infusion values at 300 and 420 minute. The respiratory rate was elevated throughout the observation period even consequent to flunixin meglumine and Ketorolac tromethamine administration. All the animals opened their eyes and were alert. This drug combination successfully restored the various hemodynamic parameters to normal pre-infusion values and can be used to provide immediate relief to the endotoxemic buffalo calves thus allowing clinician valuable time to plan further long term treatment.  
Keywords: Buffalo calves, Flunixin meglumine, ketonov, haemodynamics, endotoxic  shock.

Introduction


Endotoxemia is a potentially devastating complication of several diseases of cattle e.g. enteric disease, septicemia, metritis, mastitis and pneumonia. (Semrad ,1993a).After gaining access to the circulation, endotoxin causes a variety of adverse effects including cardiovascular compromise, lactic acidiosis, leukopenia, glucose dyshomeostasis, hemostatic alteration, gastrointestinal, respiratory and renal disturbances. Endotoxemia is a life threatening inflammatory condition which can lead to shock, multiple organ failure, suppression of immune system and wound healing processes (Ng et al  2008) The traditional treatment for endotoxemic animals attempts to support cardiac and pulmonary function, eliminate causative microbes and modulate the production of endogenous mediators. Non steroidal anti inflammatory drugs are beneficial in the management of endotoxemia.
Flunixin meglumine is a cyclo-oxygenase inhibitor and prevents the formation of prostaglandins, responsible for inflammatory response (Goodwin and Schaer 1989, Kopcha et. al.,1989).
Ketorolac tromethamine, a pyrrolo-pyrole NSAID is used in human medicine to relieve postoperative and musculoskeletal pain (Semrad, 1993 b) while Flunixin meglumine , an aminonicotinic acid NSAID is used to treat endotoxemia in horses and cattle because it effectively suppresses clinical abnormalities, early haemodynamic alterations, biochemical changes and eicosanoid production associated with challenge exposure to endotoxin. According to Semrad et.al.,(1993) the benefits of simultaneous administration of 2 NSAIDs over administration of a single drug at higher doses are not known however if one agent has a good central analgesic activity and the other is a more effective anti-inflammatory agent, clinical efficacy may be enhanced.
In view of the above, the present investigation was carried out to elucidate the effects of flunixin meglumine and ketonov (ketorolac tromethamine) in combination to know if there was any synergistic effect of these two NSAIDs on hemodynamics of endotoxemic buffalo calves.

Materials and methods


Normal healthy male buffalo calves (5), aged between 6-8 months with body weight range 70-110 kg procured from local market were dewormed a week before the experiment with fenbendazol @ 5 mg/kg B.W.The E-coli endotoxin (lyophilized, phenol extracted O111:B4 lipopolysaccharide, SIGMA chemicals, USA) was reconstituted by dissolving it in 0.9% normal saline to make a stock-solution of 1 mg/ml. Endotoxin concentration of 5 ?g/ml was prepared by dissolving 1 ml of stock solution in 199 ml of normal saline. Endotoxin was I/v infused in the animals @ 5 ?g 1 kg BW/ hr for 3 hrs followed immediately with infusion of flunixin meglumine @ 1.1 mg/kg BW and ketorolac tromethamine @ 1.1 mg/ kg BW.
The animals were casted in right lateral recumbency on the operation table. Before endotoxin infusion, an area over the jugular furrow was shaved and disinfected with savlon. The local anaesthetic  lignocaine (2%) 90 ml was injected sub-cutanaeously and intramuscularly before catheterization of the carotid artery and jugular vein to alleviate pain. The skin was incised to expose and catheterize the carotid artery and jugular vein. Siliconized polyethylene catheter was inserted into the carotid artery and was connected to mercury manometer through a  3-way cannula with stop cork for the record of arterial blood pressure. The jugular vein was catherterized and attached to the saline manometer (Ramson’s scientific and surgical India Pvt. Ltd, Agra-India) for the  record of CVP and administration of endotoxin and flunixin meglumine.
Packed cell volume was estimated by microhaematocrit method while Hb was measured by cyannomethaemoglobin method by the use of spectrophotometer by colorimetric method at 540 mm (Dacie and Lewis, 1975). Body temperature was recorded by using standard clinical thermometer from the rectum of the animal. Thermometer was in touch with the mucosa for one minute during every observation.
The data were pooled and analyzed using Randomized Design ANOVA and T-test (Snedecor and Cochran 1976). All the values obtained were compared with the normal pre-infusion values.

Results and Discussions


The I.V. infusion of endotoxin in animals led to the development of clinical symptoms of restlessness, respiratory distress characterized by labored and abdominal respiration, diarrhea and profuse salivation. The animals closed their eyes and struggled intermittently with the progression of endotoxin infusion.
The normal mean systolic pressure was observed to be 132.40+6.05mmHg (table 1). The mean systolic pressure decreased significantly after endotoxin infusion. An increase in systolic pressure was seen on treatment with flunixin  meglumine (FM) and ketonov and it remained non-significantly below the normal values (Table-1). Similar results have been reported by Singh et al (2005).
The normal mean diastolic pressure was 90.8+ 6.65 mmHg (Table 1)which is slightly lower than the normal range of  118.0+7.80 to 122.40+7.41 mmHg as reported by Singh et.al., 2002.The diastolic pressure  was significantly (PThe normal MAP (Mean arterial pressure) was found to be 104.66+5.97 (table 1) which is lower than 130.00+6.4 mm Hg (Singh et al 2005) and 153.88+2.00 mmHg (Singh 1997). The fall in MAP throughout endotoxin infusion was significant and after infusion of Flunixin meglumine and ketonov , it was slightly higher than the normal value at the end of the experiment (table 1). The fall in MAP during endotoxin infusion may be due to the release of 6 -Keto prostaglandin-F-? (Margolis et al 1987). The rise in MAP after Flunixin meglumine may be due to the fact that NSAIDS like  flunixin meglumine, Ketoprofen and Ketorolac are cyclo oxygenase inhibitor and prevents  the formation of prostaglandin and hence improves tissue perfusion (Semred 1993).
The normal CVP was 4.40+0.66 cm (table 1) which is lower than 8.30+1.67 cm (Sobbi et al 1981), 0.10+0.46 cm (Singh et. Al  1979, 2005). There was a significant fall in CVP throughout endotoxin infusion from 60 min to 180 min (table 1). The fall in CVP may be due to peripheral pooling of blood (Singh et al 2005). According to Singh (1979) failure of capacitance changes due to lack of venous constriction contributes to reduction in CVP. After Flunixin meglumine and ketonov, CVP showed a marked increase at 4 hour (table 1) and its level was non-significantly lower than the pre-infusion value.
The normal respiration rate was 8.20±0.73 movt./min (table 1) which is close to 7.20+0.47 to 9.20+1.36 movt/min as reported by Singh et al (2002). Under the influence of endotoxin, the respiration rate increased and its value was significantly higher than the normal at 7th hour (table 1). Similar effect of endotoxin on respiration rate has earlier been reported in mature cattle and cow calves (Semrad 1993, Dupe at al 1993).
The normal body temperature was observed to be 99.20±0.68 ?F (table 1) which is slightly lower than 102.2 ?F as reported by Constable et al (1996). There was a non-significant decrease in body temperature with in normal range during endotoxin infusion and after treatment with Flunixin meglumine and ketonov. The normal PCV was found to be 30.40+1.54 % (table 1) which was similar to 29.0+4.0 % to 35.0+6.0 % (Constable et al 1996) but slightly higher than 27.20+ 3.40 % (Singh 1979).Significant decrease in PCV was seen during endotoxin infusion and after infusion of Flunixin meglumine and ketonov (table 1).
The normal haemoglobin was 10.60+0.48 g% (Table 1) which is close to 9.5+1.30 to 11.40+1.80 g % (Constable et al 1996) and 10.44+0.36 to 11.40+0.38 g % (Singh et al 2005). The mean Hb level showed a non-significant decrease during endotoxin infusion. After Flunixin Meglumine and ketanov infusion, the Hb values were recorded to be close to normal value (Table 1).
All the animals opened their eyes and were alert. This treatment not only successfully raised systolic, diastolic, pulse and mean arterial pressure to normal pre-infusion value but alleviated the clinical symptoms developed due to endotoxin infusion observed earlier.
This combination of Flunixin meglumine and Ketanov offered only one additional specific advantage in comparison to administration of flunixin meglumine alone in endotoxemic buffalo calves which was the significantly higher diastolic pressure as compared to non-significant alterations in diastolic pressure of endotoxemic buffalo calves infused with flunixin meglumine alone (table-2). In general, the administration of two NSAIDs in combination confers no advantage over higher doses of a single drug.(Merck’s Veterinary Manual 2008.)
From the results of the present investigation, it can be concluded that I.V. infusion of Flunixin meglumine in endotoxemic buffalo calves effectively restores the various hemodynamic parameters to normal pre-infusion values and it can be used as immediate resuscitation measure to provide the clinician valuable time to plan further long term treatment.

References


1. Constable P D, Gohar H M, Morin D E and Thurmon J C (1996). Use of hypertonic saline- dextrin solution to tesuscitate hypovolemic calves with diarrhoea. American Journal of Veterinary Research 57(1): 97-104
2. Dacie J V and Lewis S M (1975) Practical hematology, PP32, Churchill and Livingstone V. Edu.
3. Dupe R, Bywater RJ and Goddard M (1993) A hypertonic infusion in the treatment of experimental shock in calves and clinical shock in dogs and cats. Veterinary Record 133: 585-590.
4. Goodwin JK and Schaer M (1989) Septic shock. Veterinary clinics of North America 19(6): 1239-58.
5. Kopcha M and Ahl A S (1989). Experimental use of flunixin meglumine and phenyl butazone in food producing animals: Journal of American Veterinary Research Communications 11(5): 479-91
6. Margolis J H, Buttons G D and Fessler J F (1987). The efficacy of Dexamethasone and Flunixin meglumine in treating endotoxin induced changes in calf. Veterinary Research Communications 11(5): 479-91.
7. The Merck’s Veterinary Manual, 8th Edition. PP1824. Merck and Company Incorporate, White House station, New Jersey, U.S.A.
8. Ng SW, Zhang H, Hedge A and Bhatia M. 2008. Role of preprotachykinin-A gene products on multiple organ injury in LPS- induced endotoxemia. Journal of leucocyte Biology 83: 288-95.
9. Semrad SD (1993a) Comparison of  Flunixin, Prednisolone, Dimethyl sulphoxide and a lazaroid for treating endotoxemic neonatal calves. American Journal of Veterinary Research 54 (8): 1339-46.
10. Semrad SD (1993b) Comparative efficacy of flunixin, ketoprofen and Ketorolac for treating endotoxemine neonatal calves. American Journal of Veterinary Research 54 (9): 1511-16.
11. Semrad SD, Sams RA, Harris O N and Ashcraft S M  (1993) Effects of concurrent administration of phenyl butazone and flunixin meglumine on pharmacokinetic variables and invitro generation of thromboxane B2 in mares. American Journal of Veterinary Research 54 (11): 1901-05.
12. Singh J (1979). An investigation into Patho-Physiology and treatment of shock in bovines, Ph.D. dissertation, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, India.
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14. Singh D V, Singh R V and Sodhi S P S (2002). Effect of HSS on haemodynamics of endotoxemic buffalo calves. Indian Journal of Animal Sciences 72 (12): 1083-86.
15. Singh D V, Singh R V and Sodhi S P S (2005). Effect of blood transfusion in combination with Dextran-40 and hypertonic Saline Solution on cardiopulmonary haemodynamics of endotoxic shock in buffalo calves. Veterinary Research Communication 29 (5): 421-30.
16. Snedecor GW and Cochran WG(1976) Statistical methods. Iowa State College Printing Press, Iowa USA.

Source(s) of Funding


GADVASU

Competing Interests


None

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