Research articles
 

By Mr. Virendra Yadav , Dr. Soma Jayalakshmi , Mr. Rajeev K Singla , Dr. Arjun Patra
Corresponding Author Mr. Rajeev K Singla
Division of Biotechnology, Netaji Subhas Institute of Technology, University of Delhi, Azad Hind Fau, - India
Submitting Author Mr. Rajeev K Singla
Other Authors Mr. Virendra Yadav
College of Pharmacy, Institute of Foreign Trade & Management, Lodhipur rajput, Moradabad, Uttarprade, - India

Dr. Soma Jayalakshmi
College of Pharmacy, Institute of Foreign Trade & Management, Lodhipur rajput, Moradabad, Uttarprade, - India

Dr. Arjun Patra
College of Pharmacy, Institute of Foreign Trade & Management, Lodhipur rajput, Moradabad, Uttarprade, - India

AYURVEDIC MEDICINE

Antibacterial Activity, Callicarpa Macrophylla, Stem, Traditional Plants, Ayurvedic Medicine, Salmonella typhimurium.

Yadav V, Jayalakshmi S, Singla RK, Patra A. Evaluation of Antibacterial Activity of Callicarpa macrophylla Vahl. Stem Extracts. WebmedCentral AYURVEDIC MEDICINE 2012;3(8):WMC003651
doi: 10.9754/journal.wmc.2012.003651

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License(CC-BY), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
No
Submitted on: 14 Aug 2012 06:47:41 PM GMT
Published on: 16 Aug 2012 08:57:47 PM GMT

Abstract


Callicarpa macrophylla Vahl.(Beautyberry species) is commonly used in Indian traditional medicine. Thus an ex vivo antibacterial activity studies on ethanolic (SEE) and aqueous (SAE) stem back extracts of C. macrophylla against some gram positive and gram negative strains was done using  Kirby bauer agar disc diffusion assay techniques. SEE, showed moderate growth inhibitory activity against all the bacterial strains, but SAE was exceptionally inactive against all strains except Salmonella typhimurium. The phytoconstituents in SAE might be responsible for the inhibition of S. typhimurium growth.

Introduction


Being As a treasure house of various therapeutic phytochemicals, plants have been  known reported to be an integral part of traditional medicinal system [1] in many cultures. Indigenous peoples living on their traditional territory histories largely rely on ethnomedicinal plants for healthcare and they are therefore rich in ethnopharmacological knowledge [2, 3]. The use of natural products with therapeutic properties is as ancient as human civilization because medicinal  since plants are capable of synthesizing an overwhelming variety of low molecular weight organic compounds called secondary metabolites, usually with unique and complex structures [4-9]. With so many chemotherapeutic agents coming up especially from natural sources, there is the growing need to ascertain some of these claims[10,11].
Callicarpa macrophylla Vahl.  of family Verbenaceae, is an indigenous plant of India, have with a wide spectrum of therapeutic properties. Its leaves are reported to have anti-inflammatory, analgesic and antipyretic effects[4,12], while roots have are anti-inflammatory and analgesic effects [13]. Its Sstems of C. macrophylla hasd been evaluated for its anti-fungal activity and results are very significant [14]. In the current research work, we have evaluated Thus following its  potentials we hereby report the  antibacterial activity studies of stem back extracts of Callicarpa macrophylla Vahl. stem extracts.

Materials & Methods


Collection & Authentification of Plant Material: A voucher specimen of the authenticated plant material has been preserved in the Department of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, IFTM, Moradabad for future references[4, 12-14].

Preparation of Extracts: The coarsely powdered stems were extracted using acqueous water and ethanol as solvents. Standard extraction procedures were adopted[5, 12-15].  

Gram-positive bacteria used: Streptococcus pyogens (NCIM 2608), Bacillus cereus (NCIM 2797), Micrococcus luteus (NCIM 2704), Staphylococcus epidermidis (NCIM 2493), Clostridium sporogens (NCIM 2559), Streptococcus faecalis (NCIM 2404), Staphylococcus aureus (NCIM 2079), Bacillus subtilis (NCIM 2439).

Gram-negative bacteria used: Agrobacterium tumifaciens (NCIM 2942), Klebsiella pneumonia (NCIM 2957), Salmonella typhimurium (NCIM 2501), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (NCIM 2863), Serratia marcesens (NCIM 2078), Enterobacteria aerogens (NCIM 2693), Proteus vulgaris (NCIM 2813), Escherichia coli (NCIM 2831).

Kirby-Bauer Agar Disc Diffusion Assay: Nutrient agar media was taken in a pre-sterilized Petri-dish. After that the microorganisms were spreaded over the cooled nutrient agar media with the help of L- shaped glass rod. The sterilized empty disc (7 mm) was saturated with 200µl/disc and 400µl/disc of ethanolic and aqueous extracts of C. macrophylla Vahl. stem and allowed to dry and then introduced on the upper layer of the seeded agar plate. Similarly disc of ciprofloxacin (10mg/disc) was placed on the seeded agar plate and incubated at 370C for 24 hr. The diameters of zone of inhibition (mm) were recorded and compared with standard drug ciprofloxacin[16-24]. 

Results & Discussion


Ethanolic(SEE) and aqueous(SAE) stem extracts of Callicarpa macrophylla Vahl. stems were prepared and evaluated in-vitro for their antibacterial activity against various some gram positive and gram negative bacterial strains. Results of antibacterial activity of SEE & SAE  against the test bacteria are shown in Table 1 & Table 2.

See Illustration 1 and 2

Results shown that ethanolic extract(SAE SEE) is active against both gram positive and gram negative bacterial strains even at a concentration of 200 µg/disc when compared with the standard drug ciprofloxacin. Maximum zone of inhibition of 17mm was obtained when SEE reacted with SEE against Bacillus subtilis. Surprisingly, aqueous extract (SAE) was inactive against all the bacterial strains tested gram negative Salmonella typhimurium, causative organism for gastroenteritis in humans and other mammals with symptoms resembling typhoid fever. It can conclude here that the aqueous extract must be containing some unique anti-salmonella compounds, which may be having a unique action against this bacterium, and the ethanolic extract of C. macrophylla. may have a general broad spectrum.

Acknowledgement


Authors would like to express our gratitude towards the management committee of IFTM university for providing laboratory facility for conducting this research project. Author Rajeev K Singla is grateful to Department of Science & Technology, Ministry of Science & Technology, Government of India for providing Young Scientist Fellowship(SR/FT/LS-149/2011).

References


1. Dharam Paul Attrey, Amrit Kumar Singh, Jyoti Katyal, Tanveer Naved. Pharmacognostical characterization & preliminary phytochemical investigation of seabuckthorn( Hippophae rhamnoides L.) leaves. Indo Global Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences. 2012; 2(2) : 108-113.
2. Uprety et al. Indigenous use and bio-efficacy of medicinal plants in the Rasuwa district, Central Nepal. Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine. 2010; 6: 3.
3. Birendra Malla, R B Chhetri. Indigenous knowledge on medicinal non-timber forest products(NTFP) in parbat district of Nepal. Indo Global Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences. 2012; 2(2): 213-225.
4. Virendra Yadav, Soma Jayalakshmi, Arjun Patra, Rajeev K Singla. Investigation of analgesic & anti-pyretic potentials of Callicarpa macrophylla Vahl. leaves extracts. Webmedcentral: International Journal of Medicine and Molecular Medicine. 2012; 3(6) : WMC003447.
5. Rajeev K Singla, Nitesh Jaiswal, Varadaraj Bhat G, Hitesh Jagani. Antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of Cocos nucifera Linn. (Arecaceae) endocarp extracts. Indo Global Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences. 2011; 1(4): 354-361.
6. Sumit Narwal, A C Rana, Vinita Tiwari, Shaveta Gangwani, Ramica Sharma.Review on chemical & pharmacological action of Ocimum kilimandscharicum. Indo Global Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences. 2011; 1(4) 287-293.
7. Singla RK. Review on the pharmacological properties of Cocos Nucifera Endocarp . WebmedCentral PHARMACEUTICAL SCIENCES 2012;3(5):WMC003413.
8. Salim Khan, Rajeev K Singla, Malik zainul Abdin. Assessment of phytochemical diversity in Phyllanthus amarus using HPTLC fingerprints. Indo Global Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences. 2011; 1(1): 1-12.
9. Vidhu Aeri, Perwez Alam, M Ali, Ilyas UK. Isolation of New Aliphatic Ester Linked with ?-lactone cos-11-enyl pentan-1-oic-1, 5-olide from the Roots of Streblus asper Lour. Indo Global Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences. 2012; 2(2): 114-120.
10. Terrumun A. Tor-Anyiin, Kolapo A. Danisa. Phytochemical Screening of a Vended Antimalarial: Malatreat. Indo Global Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences. 2012; 2(2): 98-102.
11. Virendra Yadav, Soma Jayalakshmi, Rajeev K Singla. Traditional systems of medicine- Now & Forever. WebmedCentral Pharmaceutical Sciences. 2012; 3(7): WMC003551.
12. Virendra Yadav, Soma Jayalakshmi, Rajeev K Singla, Arjun Patra. Preliminary assessment of anti-inflammatory activity of Callicarpa macrophylla Vahl. leaves extracts. Indo Global Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences. 2011; 1(3): 219-222.
13. Virendra Yadav, Soma Jayalakshmi, Rajeev K Singla, Arjun Patra, Salim Khan. Assessment of anti-inflammatory and analgesic activities of Callicarpa macrophylla Vahl. roots extracts. Webmedcentral Pharmacology. 2012; 3(5): WMC003366.
14. Virendra Yadav, Soma Jayalakshmi, Rajeev K Singla, Arjun Patra. Ex vivo screening of stem extracts of Callicarpa macrophylla Vahl. for antifungal activity. Indo Global Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences. 2012; 2(2): 103-107.
15. Bankar GR, Nayak PG, Bansal P, Paul P, Pai KS, Singla RK, Bhat VG. Vasorelaxant and antihypertensive effect of Cocos nucifera Linn. Endocarp on isolated rat thoracic aorta and DOCA salt-induced hypertensive rats. Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 2011; 134(1): 50-4.
16. Rajeev K Singla, Arun Kumar, Salim Khan, Rupali Shrivastava, Varadaraj Bhat G, Hitesh Jagani. Evaluation of Antimicrobial Activity of 3-(4-1H-Indol-3-yl)-(2,3-dihydro-1H-benzo[b]diazepin-2-yl)- 2H-chromen-2-one. Indo Global Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences. 2011; 1(2): 127-133.
17. D Benito Johnson, B N Shringi, Dinesh Kumar Patidar, Nehru Sai Suresh Chalichem, Ashok Kumar Javvadi. Screening of antimicrobial activity of alcoholic & aqueous extract of some indigenous plants. Indo-Global Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences. 2011; 1(2): 186-193.
18. Vijaya B Reddy, Rajeev K Singla, Varadaraj Bhat G, Gautham G Shenoy. Synthesis and antimicrobial activities of some novel benzimidazole derivatives. Asian Journal of Research in Chemistry. 2009; 2(2): 162-167.
19. Kruti Pandya, Bhavna Solanki, Bijal Shah, Diksha Parekh, Hardik Soni, Kunal Maniar, Nilesh Gurav, Prateek Patel. Phyto-chemical screening & evaluation of antibacterial activity of polyherbal formulation.  Indo Global Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences. 2011; 1(3): 206-218.
20. Omparkash Sharma, Birendra Shrivastava, Rajeev K Singla, Varadaraj Bhat G. Synthesis & antimicrobial activity of some novel pyrimidine-2,4(1H,3H)-diones. Indo Global Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences. 2011; 1(3): 252-257.
21. Mukesh M Mudgal, Rajeev K Singla, Varadaraj Bhat G, Gautham G Shenoy. Synthesis and antimicrobial activity of some novel [1,2,4]triazolo[3,4-B][1,3,4]thiadiazole derivatives. Pharmacologyonline Newsletter. 2009; 2: 188-193.
22. OP Sharma, Rajeev K Singla, Birendra Shrivastava, Varadaraj Bhat G, Gautham G Shenoy, B S Jayashree, K K Sreenivasan. Synthesis, spectral characterization & antimicrobial evaluation of some novel pyrimidine-2,4(1H, 3H)-diones. Indo Global Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences. 2012; 2(1): 70-75.
23. Jawaharmal, H.S. Lamba, Smita Narwal, Gurvirender Singh, Dev Rishika Saini, Apparamdeep Kaur, Sumit Narwal. Synthesis of novel imidazole compounds and evaluation of their antimicrobial activity. Indo Global Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences. 2012; 2(2): 147-156.
24. Rajesh Gupta, Arun Kumar Gupta, Rajeev Kumar Singla, G Aiswarya. Preliminary investigation of antimicrobial property of acacia leucophloea leaves extract. International Journal of Phytomedicine. 2011; 3(3): 308-311.

Source(s) of Funding


IFTM, Moradabad, India had financially supported this research project. Author Rajeev K Singla is receiving Young Scientist Fellowship from Department of Science & Technology(Ministry of Science & Technology), Government of India.

Competing Interests


Authors declare no competing interests

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